Warm Up 2/26

11.     A blood clot contains a network of protein.  What is the protein?

·      Fibrin

22.     Outline how the liquid that flows through the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) is produced.

·      Selective reabsorption

·      Substances are absorbed through microvilli cell lining that increases the surface area of the PCT

·      One substances are actively reabsorbed, they are passively diffused into the bloodstream

·      Mineral ions and vitamins are actively transported via protein pumps or carrier proteins

·      Glucose actively transported across the membrane in symport with sodium

·      Water follows the movement of the ions passively (osmosis)

33.     State the name of the substances reabsorbed by the PCT.

·      Glucose, amino acids, vitamins, hormones, mineral ions, water

44.     Discuss the benefits and dangers of immunization against bacterial and viral infections.

Benefits:

§  Vaccination results in active immunity

§  It can limit the spread of infectious diseases (pandemics / epidemics)

§  Diseases may be eradicated entirely (e.g. smallpox)

§  Vaccination programs may reduce the mortality rate of a disease as well as protect vulnerable groups (e.g. youth, elderly)

§  Vaccinations will decrease the crippling effects of certain diseases (e.g. polio) 

§  It will decrease health care costs associated with treating disease conditions

Risks:

§  Vaccinated individuals may produce (mild) symptoms of the disease

§  There may be human error in the preparation, storage or administration of the vaccine

§  Individuals may react badly to vaccines (e.g. hypersensitive / allergic reactions)

§  Immunity may not be life long - booster shots may be required

§  There may be possible toxic effects of mercury-based preservatives used in vaccines

Warm Up 2/24

11. Identify all of the cellular and molecular layers that a molecule would have to pass through in order to be ultrafiltered and then reabsorbed into the bloodstream within a single nephron

·      Capillary bed called the glomerulus

·      Basement membrane

·      Podocyte

·      Filtrate

·      Outer lining of Bowman’s capsule

22. Some, but not all, substances can be tested for in the urine of a patient.  Why do some substances present in the bloodstream show up in urine samples and others do not?

·      Not all substances are filtered out and exit the body through urine.

33.    

a.     Predict the relative amount of ADH produced in a person who has been drinking lots of water and has not been exercising recently.  Justify your prediction.

·      ADH levels will be low because the intake of water and lack of exercise results in proper water levels in the body

b.     Predict the relative amount of ADH produced in a person who has been exercising vigorously and has not had chance to completely hydrate themselves.  Justify your prediction.

·      ADH levels will be high because the lack of water in the bloodstream triggers a release of ADH

44. The filtering action of the kidneys does not eliminate urea from the bloodstream.  Why is complete elimination of urea not necessary?

·      Urea is non-toxic, so not all of it needs to be eliminated.  Urea can be reabsorbed by the body, broken down, and used for other things.

Warm Up 2/12

1. Describe the steps of blood clotting
Clotting is a mechanism that prevents the loss of blood from broken vessels.  Damaged cells and platelets release helical signals called clotting factors which trigger a coagulation cascade.  Clotting factors convert the inactive zymogen prothrombin into the activated enzyme thrombin.  Thrombin catalyses the conversion of the soluble plasma protein fibrinogen into an insoluble form (fibrin).  Fibrin forms an insoluble mesh of fibers that trap blood cells at the site of damage.  Clotting factors also cause platelets to become sticky, which then adhere to the damaged region to form a solid plug called a clot.  The clot prevents further blood loss and blocks entry to foreign pathogens

2. Outline the immune response to an antigen
An antigen is a virus or bacteria.  Surface molecules called epitopes are recognized by leukocytes and trigger the immune response.  The antigens' epitope is detected by a large white blood cell called a macrophage.  The macrophage engulfs the antigen, digests it and then incorporates the epitope into its own cell membrane.  Then the macrophage migrates to the lymph nodes.  The macrophage presents the antigens' epitope and selects a B lymphocyte that has a complementary surface epitope.  As the macrophage may have a number of molecules in its membrane, it is possible for multiple B Lymphocytes to be selected (polyclonal selection).  Corresponding B or T lymphocytes are selected.  A Helpter T cell with the corresponding epitope is also selected.  The Helper T cell works with the B and T lymphocytes to stimulate the B and T lymphocyte to divide rapidly.  B lymphocytes rapidly divide to form a clone of Plasma cells and B memory cells.  The T lymphocytes also rapidly clone and produce other cells called T Killer cells and T Killer memory cells.

3. Discuss Active vs. Passive Immunity
Active immunity is immunity due to the production of antibodies by the organism after the body's defense mechanisms are stimulated by antigens.  Passive immunity is immunity due to the acquisition of antibodies from another organism in which active immunity has been stimulated.  This passive acquisition of antibodies can be achieved via the placenta, colostrum or by injection (ex: blood transfusions).

Warm Up 2/4 - Genetics

1. Homozygous - same alleles
2. Phenotype - physical characteristics
3. Carrier - has one allele but it doesn't affect the person, have ability to pass it on
4. Can a mom with A blood and a dad with B blood have children with O blood?
Yes
5. Can a mom with hemophilia and a dad that is normal have children with hemophilia?
Yes