11.
A blood clot contains a network of protein. What is the protein?
·
Fibrin
22.
Outline how the liquid that flows through the
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) is produced.
·
Selective reabsorption
·
Substances are absorbed through microvilli cell
lining that increases the surface area of the PCT
·
One substances are actively reabsorbed, they are
passively diffused into the bloodstream
·
Mineral ions and vitamins are actively
transported via protein pumps or carrier proteins
·
Glucose actively transported across the membrane
in symport with sodium
·
Water follows the movement of the ions passively
(osmosis)
33.
State the name of the substances reabsorbed by
the PCT.
·
Glucose, amino acids, vitamins, hormones,
mineral ions, water
44.
Discuss the benefits and dangers of immunization
against bacterial and viral infections.
Benefits:
§ Vaccination
results in active immunity
§ It
can limit the spread of infectious diseases (pandemics / epidemics)
§ Diseases
may be eradicated entirely (e.g. smallpox)
§ Vaccination
programs may reduce the mortality rate of a disease as well as protect
vulnerable groups (e.g. youth, elderly)
§ Vaccinations
will decrease the crippling effects of certain diseases (e.g. polio)
§ It
will decrease health care costs associated with treating disease conditions
Risks:
§ Vaccinated
individuals may produce (mild) symptoms of the disease
§ There
may be human error in the preparation, storage or administration of the vaccine
§ Individuals
may react badly to vaccines (e.g. hypersensitive / allergic reactions)
§ Immunity
may not be life long - booster shots may be required
§ There
may be possible toxic effects of mercury-based preservatives used in vaccines
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